Wednesday, 2 November 2011

Six: Report summary on the issue of "Compulsory Vaccination Programs"



Summary For Compulsory Vaccination Programs Are They Useful.

The question asked: The benefits of compulsory vaccinations outweigh the risks?

Differing issues I believe will help answer this question are:

Viewpoints For
  •  The use of compulsory immunisation programs how are they effective, financially viable and work to reduce mortality rates successfully in poorer nations globally.
  •   Some common misconceptions about vaccination and how to respond to them.
  •  Taking a look into a systematic review of the positive long term effectiveness of compulsory vaccination programs of children
  • Noting the positive effects of iimmunisation programs in reducing health inequality for indigenous people.
Viewpoints Against

  • The other side about compulsory vaccinations are they safe,the views taken from a selection of the medical fraternity
  • Natural immunity as a better defence against mandatory vaccinations.

Is Compulsory Vaccination Useful
There is a query on this issue as we speak with differing but interesting thoughts regarding the benefits of compulsory immunisation by vaccine as useful in saving thousands of lives. Are the benefits much greater if everyone is vaccinated than if not, for that reason it would be necessary that as many people as possible are vaccinated, with as few obstacles as possible as to not limit the large scale results from vaccinations. Aimed at large population groups, vaccinations target against preventable infectious diseases returning. Promoted through government authorities and medical health organizations stating compulsory vaccinations are useful protection against diseases, are they correct or are vaccines effectiveness overrated and a dishonesty to people by not fully realising the impacts from artificial immunisation.
The other opposite view on  immunisation leads towards homoeopathic/ natural immunity practices.How vaccinations operate are known through trials and research but homoeopathic on the other hand is practice followed by only a minority section of health scientists nationally touting homoeopathy as a all natural system of medicine.A homoeopath is treating the individual with highly diluted substances,then triggering onto the body’s natural system of healing to provide natural immunity. Homoeopathy aims towards the enhancement of  the natural killer T cell making the body’s natural defences more powerful,as the best natural defence providing the most of our resistance to disease.Evidently based on their specific symptoms, a homoeopath will match the most appropriate medicine to each patient clearly believing this is the safer option for natural immunity.


Viewpoints For

World Health Organization and Unicef global defence in compulsory immunisation programs with data, how they work, implemented, financial costs, research and vaccine safety with monitoring the successful reduction in infant mortality rates globally.
Viewing a online PDF version of this 3rd edition of the World health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF for compulsory immunisation programs. The book identifies statistical data on global declining rates of infections and death related to infectious diseases such as: Diphtheria, Measles, Polio, Pertussis (Whooping Cough) and Tetanus benefits compulsory vaccination programs. These health organizations monitor the impact of immunisation and efforts to meet the goal to reduce deaths among children under five within non industrialized countries involving the development and use of vaccines and at the safeguards that have been put in place to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. By monitoring immunisation progress with results showing lower mortality and infections and the cost of scaling up the annual immunisation expenditure average coverage total for low-income countries per live birth. WHO and UNICEF analysis is used to calculate how much it would cost to attain vaccinations for the 72 poorest countries, an estimated funding flow of US$ 25 billion to support immunization expected to become available from government, multilateral, and nations joined together to continue to finance immunisation programs ( the GAVI Alliance) and including other sources. These health organizations believe compulsory vaccinations are the most effective way to protect the large populations against disease infections.
Citation:  this book was cited online
World Health Organization.(2009).State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization, 3rd edn.  [Internet]. 
Available at <http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563864_eng.pdf >
 accessed at  21 October 2011.

Look at some common misconceptions about vaccines and vaccinations making it clear in how to respond to them.
In the USA the government department of centres for disease control and prevention highlights the inaccurate or can be misleading information on vaccines and vaccination. Discusses six common misconceptions about vaccines and their effects by looking at past immunization programs were noted periodic peaks and valleys throughout the years, but the real, permanent drop in case of measles in the U.S. coincided with the licensor and wide use of measles vaccine beginning in 1963.Then discusses drops of compulsory vaccination programs in other developed countries and the re-emergence of childhood diseases rise again in those countries while the USA has the same level with no major increase. And the idea of herd mentality as the ability to resist an attack of a disease because the majority of the population are immune to an attack of a disease.The disease passes from person to person so when a large portion of the population is immune,most likely through immunisations then this protects those who aren't immune or cannot be immunised they expect the majority of other children are immunised,so why get vaccinated.Voices that one infected individual can then spread infection to other people who are also not vaccination spreading rapidly by compulsory vaccinating it limits the cases of infections to rises plus builds up immunity against disease, vaccinations strengthen the immune system not weakens it.
Citation:  this page was cited from a web site online
CDC.Government.(2011).Vaccine, Vaccines & Immunization.[Internet].
Available at < http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/6mishome.htm  > accessed at 31 October 2011.

 A systematic review of the adoption of compulsory vaccination programs and immunisation effectiveness of children in Sweden
This study talks of historical use of vaccinations and the eradication of smallpox in Sweden through WHO global compulsory vaccination program. A project had then been structured to address a number of specific questions for each vaccine by conducting a systematic review of the research on the vaccines included in the Swedish child vaccination programme. The main goal was to methodically identify the evidence for the efficacy of each vaccine that was studied and to describe the magnitude of vaccination risks. The project was structured to address a number of specific questions for each vaccine. The project focused on a systematic examination of the efficacy and adverse events of the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG), MMR, pertussis, haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis B vaccines. The project then carefully examined the adverse events of a combination of vaccines that contain tetanus, diphtheria, polio, pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines, either with or without hepatitis B vaccine.Then by the project took careful examination of morality rates, the results clearly showed compulsory vaccination programs worked. This is an example of an successful compulsory vaccination program:Smallpox  was eradicated in Sweden by 1967 and by 1976 Sweden then stopped administering the vaccine.
Citation:  this article was cited from the online DATABASE: Academic Search Premier (State library of N.S.W. )
Örtqvist, A. Blennow,M. Carlsson, R-M. Hanson, LÅ. Lindberg, A. Lindqvist, L.
Magnusson, M. Nilsson, L. Norlund, A. Nyrén, O. Olcén, P. Olin, P. Silfverdal, S-A.
 Säwe, J. Söderström, A. Trollfors, B. (2010) ‘Vaccination of children – a systematic review’. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement [Online]. Sept,Vol.99 Issue 46, p1-192, 192p.Available at Academic Search Premier,accession number 52903318.accessed at 1 November 2011.

Immunisation: reducing health inequality for Indigenous Australians
Quote "Vaccination programs can act as a paradigm for effective health programs in Indigenous people".
From the Medical Journal of Australia an article discussing a report focusing on the status of vaccination programs for indigenous Australians is not as comprehensive as for other Australians thus allowing indigenous health to continue to lag behind. Promotes the idea for compulsory vaccination programs for Ingenious Australians by using as example an early  hepatitis A outbreak within indigenous communities in Queensland.Discusses data with the recognition of high infection rates and three deaths from hepatitis A outbreak in far north Queensland in the 1990's led to a regional vaccination program targeting Indigenous children aged under 5 years from 1999.This virtually eradicated hepatitis A in both the indigenous and non-Indigenous population.This article accepts vaccinations are safe and a well accepted intervention to develop health care delivery targeting Indigenous Australians is important and noting the characteristics of successful programs need accurate data on vaccination status and active promotion of services and effective community collaboration between health authorities and providers including respectful recognition of the Indigenous culture is mentioned.
Citation:  this article was cited from a journal online.
McIntyre, P.B. Menzies, R.I (2005). [Internet]. ‘Immunisation: reducing health inequality for Indigenous Australians’. Medical Journal of Australia, Issue182 no5 p207-208..Available at  
Viewpoints Against

 Video “Vaccination - The Hidden Truth”
This extremely informative video documentary containing 9 chapters and runs for about 8 minutes with the title of Vaccination - The Hidden Truth (1998) where fifteen people, including the main qualified medical spokes person Dr. Viera Scheibner (a PhD researcher) and includes discussions from five medical doctors, and other researchers, reveals what they conclude and  what they think is really going on in relation to illness and vaccines through their research. The facts they use come from orthodox medicine's own peer-reviewed research. Discusses government and medical promotion of vaccination for prevention of disease, the video is devoted to presenting the other side of the issue about vaccines and compulsory vaccinations. The result is an account of the ineffectiveness of vaccines and their often harmful effects clearly highlights the risks of vaccines and compulsory vaccinations.
 Citation: this you tube video was cited online
Uploaded by vaccinfo ( 2009)."Vaccination-the hidden Truth” 1998. [video].  Available at Youtube .com. < http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6696666502913965744 > accessed at 21 Oct 2011.

Natural immunity as a better defence against mandatory vaccinations
Though dating back to 1998 this book was written by an doctor of some standing holding a Baccalaureate Degree in Health Education and Communications, Masters Degree in Development Education, and PhD.This books theme aims towards homoeopathic/natural practises and this online version contains relevant information on what natural immunity is in great detail. 
Divides into three sections.
Section 1 contains information with negative views on immunizations and its effectiveness, consistency of vaccines, the extent and nature of vaccine damage and long term delay of adverse effect from immunization.
Section11 leans towards priorities in development of world primary care in  natural immunity.
Section111 adding that physical exercise and concentrating in on an improved diet can enhance the natural killer cell. To increase the use of vitamins A and C makes the body’s natural defences more powerful, and it is in these natural defences provides the most of our resistance to disease. A form of individual risk analyses would be taken into account associated with chemicals in soil and risky substances in vaccines or exposure to viral and bacterial infections with ensuing symptoms and the risks to not vaccinate would it not only affect them but the people around them, highlights that natural immunity is the best defence and siding against vaccinations. 
Citation: this book was cited online
Obomsawin.R Dr (1998) Universal Immunization: Medical miracle or masterful mirage.3rd edn . [Internet]. Available at<http://www.alternativedoctor.com/vaccination/obomsawin.html>accessed at 28 October 2011.
                                                           

                                      Conclusion
Through the World health Organizations WHO and UNICEF having detailed accounts or strategic plans with added background information all sourced well and tells you in detail a of actual decline in world mortality rates due to compulsory vaccination programs which have been implemented throughout past decades in non industrialized nations with comparisons to compulsory vaccination programs in developed nations.    Another source I found useful is the USA government department of centres for disease control and prevention highlights the inaccurate or can be misleading information on vaccines and vaccination. Describes details on immunisation had critical detail as well with the methods of distribution, tracking and results using vaccines. This was useful to gage fact from fiction with data analysis of immunization highs and lows are common over long periods of time.  Then looking into how a country involved with immunisation vaccination programs such as in Sweden is interesting to find out how successfully mandatory vaccinations were and the results addressed to identify the evidence for the efficacy of each vaccine and adverse events are important.   Next the Australian medical association recognises and understands the need to improve compulsory vaccination programs for indigenous Australians. Compulsory vaccination programs are  the better and  safest way to control infection rates and deaths amongst Aboriginal communities.More work in implementing future vaccination programs is needed urgently.
Then looking the opposite way is a video discussing the dangers of vaccinations had interesting views on selected data in-discrepancies, harmful effects of vaccines.Joining their ideas is a book on homoeopathic/natural immunity voicing  analytical and critical scientific information was interesting and quite useful too when seeking research data on specific diseases, adverse reactions, methods of improving the physical body to improve natural protection.


Finally I pieced together a view from all these sources coming from different perspectives on the usefulness of vaccines and compulsory/mandatory vaccination programs verses natural immunity. Clearly data gathered over long periods of time gained from different geographical regions, cultural and ethnic groups cannot lie, vaccinations have benefits and have a certain amount of risks attached to them, unfortunately for a small percent of people vaccines are harmful or can kill. We can say overall that compulsory vaccinations do work to reduce mortality rates when implemented and are the most effective way to protect mass populations against infectious disease outbreaks. I believe compulsory vaccination programs benefits do outweigh the risks.
                                          Bibliographic Types
 Web site online
 Database online
 Journal article online
 YouTube video online 
 Two books online


                                                 Reflection
I began a search for the benefits of compulsory vaccination programs outweigh the risks and then changed my path to more on what’s a vaccines job,what's in it,how safe is it really and how we approach different dynamics such as culturally or ethically when vaccinations are applied. 
Although vaccines do carry some risks to adverse effects,it looks clear with a majority of populations immunised worldwide, vaccination programs do control disease outbreaks effectively even though re occurrence does happen it is minimal in numbers.Then I looked into different attitudes such as natural immunity is the only approach to immunisation.Unfortunately there is limited proof statistically that it is the most effective response to immunity. If individuals wish to take the risk of not having the vaccine that is their choice and does personal emotion play a bigger role than facts in a parent’s decision to immunise children.Yes I think that is the case, unfortunately some children will succumb to an adverse effect from immunisation vaccination and it could lead to life-threatening problems or death.This factor cannot be helped we can see abundant amount of data on the positive success of  compulsory vaccination programs over many years.This information for my own understanding outweighs any risks to groups or individual people. Compulsory vaccinations are worth the risk, and absolutely necessary.


                                                The End

Thursday, 6 October 2011

Five: Hypothesis on Immunisation

Originally proposed question:
Through immunisation programs in Australia and worldwide is there enough scientific evidence to justify that vaccination programs reduce infant mortality rates significantly,how are these programs implemented.


Newer modified question:
The benifits of complusory vaccination programs outweigh the risks.



Four: Proposed Research Strategy

                                    Research Strategy


Searching Bibliographic Sources
  • World Book (Online)
  • Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence (Online) 
  • Wikipedia  Free Encyclopedia (Online) 
  • Periodical databases (Online)
  • Government (Online publications and resources) 
  • Books on the subject
Why These Sources Were Chosen
  • They are useful to gain authoritative and correct knowledge on the topic.
  • Easy access.
  • Information sources aimed at a mid - high adult range level.    
Source Locations
  • TAFE N.S.W catalogue/ study links / eResources. 
  •  Public libraries catalogues and eResources.
  • State Library of N.S.W online databases.
  • Government health related websites and eResources.
Search Terms Used
 Some suitable LCSH search terms
  • Immunization AND Vaccinations
  • Immunisation Vaccinations AND Epidemics
  • Benifits AND Vaccinations
  • Risks AND Vaccinations
Related Thesaurus Terms
Terms for Immunisation 
  • Immunization - Vaccination - Disease
 Terms for Homoeopathic or Homoeopathy
  • Not found
Terms for Natural
  • Innate
And some other related terms found

Mode of Searches
  •  Identifying  the search terms as noted and other related terms on Immunisation that come available during the complex research project 
  •  Including the use of search engines such as "Google" to expand the search area for information on project topic.
  • The use of online periodicals databases and library catalogues and other study links as well..
Directing  the search towards benifits of complusory vaccination rates in general that links to records specifically on rates of decline in childhood illnesses and any reemergence's of childhood diseases and how vaccination programs outweighs the risks.


I

Thursday, 29 September 2011

Three: Concept Map

  Immunisation

  









                                   



Tuesday, 27 September 2011

Two:Immunisation: Immune System and Vaccines.

                                          Immunisation
Immunisation against disease is a natural process as the human immune system adapts biologically to protect hosts against infections but has  limitations in its defence against deadly viruses and infections.


Immunisation vaccines are developed by medical science in strictly regulated methods through the manufacturing process of creating vaccines against disease.
                               Human Immune System (Biological)

 Knowing  how the immune system or biological aspect works in the human body is how medical science created vaccines.The immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. Protection is built up through the immune system in two ways, it creates natural/native and adaptive immunisation against disease by breaking into two arms:



Viruses and other foreign substances can evolve rapidly, and adapt to avoid the immune system and allows them to successfully infect their hosts.
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infections. Innate immunity is specifically against microbes, while adaptive immunity is against any "foreign" substance (including cancer cells, auto antigens, etc.).
Innate immunity is the oldest mechanism of defence.



The human immune system adapts over time to recognize viruses and specific foreign substances more efficiently. This adaptation process is referred to as "adaptive immunity" or "acquired immunity" and creates immunological memory.
Adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) is superimposed on innate immunity to improve host defence. In a sense, adaptive immunity is an "add-on" to innate immunity. 
1:INNATE
Innate immunity (natural or native immunity)
Instant
Immediate
Initial response
Induces adaptive immunity
Integrates with adaptive immunity



2:ADAPTIVE
Adaptive immune system
Acquired
Await days = no immediate response
Accurate = specific
Auto regulation
Autoimmunity


Immunological memory, created from a innate response to a specific virus or foreign substance, provides an enhanced response to secondary encounters with that same, infection. 


This process of acquired immunity this is where vaccinations are useful, the innate response can take 2 days and up to 2 weeks to develop. After the body gains immunity towards a certain virus or foreign substance, when infection by that virus occurs again, the immune response is called the secondary response.     
                        Immunisation Vaccines (How does it work)

HOW IMMUNIZATIONS WORK
Immunizations teach your body how to defend itself when germs such as viruses or bacteria invade it.
  • They expose you to a very small, very safe amount of a virus or bacteria that has been weakened or killed.
  • Your immune system then learns to recognize and attack the infection if you are exposed to it later in life.
  • As a result, you will either not become ill or have a milder infection. This is a natural way to deal with infectious diseases.
Four different types of vaccines are currently available:
  • LIVE VIRUS VACCINES use the weakened (or attenuated) form of the virus. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine are examples of this type.
  • KILLED (Inactivated) VACCINES are made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria. Influenza shots are an example of this type of vaccine.
  • TOXOID VACCINES contain a toxin or chemical made by the bacteria or virus. They make you immune to the harmful effects of the infection, instead of to the infection itself. Examples are the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines.
  • BIOSYNTHETIC VACCINES contain human-made substances are very similar to pieces of the virus or bacteria. The Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type B) conjugate vaccine is one example.
                                     The Manufacturing Process 
Manufacturing an anti-virus vaccine today is a complicated process created with in the sterile laboratory environment.
There are SEVEN Steps taken in producing immunisation vaccines

Vaccine

1: Manufacturing begins  the Seed    Small amounts of a specific virus (or seed). 

The virus must be free of impurities, including other similar viruses and even variations of the same type of virus. The seed must be kept under "ideal" conditions, usually frozen, that prevent the virus from becoming either stronger or weaker than desired. Stored in small glass or plastic containers, amounts as small as only 5 or 10 cubic centimeters, but containing thousands if not millions of viruses, will eventually lead to several hundred liters of vaccine. Freezers are maintained at specified temperatures; charts and/or dials outside of the freezer keep a continuous record of the temperature. Sensors will set off audible alarm signals and/or computer alarms if the freezer temperature goes out of range.

2:  Growing the virus (  After defrosting and warming).

Warming the seed virus under carefully specified conditions (i.e., at room temperature or in a water bath), the small amount of virus cells is placed into a "cell factory," a small machine that, with the addition of an appropriate medium, allows the virus cells to multiply. Each type of virus grows best in a medium specific to it, established in pre-manufacturing laboratory procedures, but all contain proteins from mammals in one form or another, such as purified protein from cow blood. The medium also contains other proteins and organic compounds that encourage the reproduction of the virus cells. As far as the virus is concerned, the medium in a cell factory is a host for reproduction. Mixed with the appropriate medium, at appropriate temperature, and with a predetermined amount of time, viruses will multiply

3:  Other Factors

 In addition to temperature, other factors must be monitored, including the pH of the mixture. pH is a measure of acidity or basicity, measured on a scale from 0 to 14, and the viruses must be kept at a defined pH within the cell factory. Plain water, which is neither acidic or basic (neutral) has a pH of 7. Although the container in which the cells are growing is not very large (perhaps the size of a 4-8 quart pot), there are an impressive number of valves, tubes, and sensors connected to it. Sensors monitor pH and temperature, and there are various connections for adding media or chemicals such as oxygen to maintain the pH, places to withdraw samples for microscopic analysis, and sterile arrangements for adding the components of the cell factory and withdrawing the intermediate product when it is ready.

Vaccine


4: Begin Virus Separation from the Medium 

The virus from the cell factory is then separated from the medium, and placed in a second medium for additional growth. Early methods of 40 or 50 years ago used a bottle to hold the mixture, and the resulting growth was a single layer of viruses floating on the medium. It was soon discovered that if the bottle was turned while the viruses were growing, even more virus could be produced because a layer of virus grew on all inside surfaces of the bottle. An important discovery in the 1940s was that cell growth is greatly stimulated by the addition of enzymes to a medium, the most commonly used of which is trypsin. An enzyme is a protein that also functions as a catalyst in the feeding and growth of cells.In current practice, bottles are not used at all. The growing virus is kept in a container larger than but similar to the cell factory, and mixed with "beads," near microscopic particles to which the viruses can attach themselves. The use of the beads provides the virus with a much greater area to attach themselves to, and consequently, a much greater growth of virus. As in the cell factory, temperature and pH are strictly controlled. Time spent in growing virus varies according to the type of virus being produced, and is, in each case, a closely guarded secret of the manufacturer.

5: Separation

 When there is a sufficient number of viruses, they are separated from the beads in one or more ways. The broth might be forced through a filter with openings large enough to allow the viruses to pass through, but small enough to prevent the beads from passing. The mixture might be centrifuged several times to separate the virus from the beads in a container from which they can then be drawn off. Still another alternative might be to flood the bead mixture with another medium which washes the virus off the beads.

and selecting the strain

The eventual vaccine will be either made of attenuated (weakened) virus, or a killed virus. The choice of one or the other depends on a number of factors including the efficacy of the resulting vaccine, and its secondary effects. Ru vaccine, which is developed almost every year in response to new variants of the causative virus, is always an attenuated vaccine. The virulence of a virus can dictate the choice; rabies vaccine, for example, is always a killed vaccine.

6:  If the vaccine is attenuated (Weakened)

The virus is usually attenuated ( to make less complex or to weaken) before it goes through the production process. Carefully selected strains are cultured (grown) repeatedly in various media. There are strains of viruses that actually become stronger as they grow. These strains are clearly unusable for an attenuated vaccine. Other strains become too weak as they are cultured repeatedly, and these too are unacceptable for vaccine use. Only some viruses are "just right," reaching a level of attenuation that makes them acceptable for vaccine use, and not changing in strength. Recent molecular technology has made possible the attenuation of live virus by molecular manipulation, but this method is still rare.

7: Virus is then Separated from the Medium

 The virus is then separated from the medium in which it has been grown. Vaccines which are of several types (as most are) are combined before packaging. The actual amount of vaccine given to a patient will be relatively small compared with the medium in which it is given. Decisions about whether to use water, alcohol, or some other solution for an injectable vaccine, for example, are made after repeated tests for safety, sterility, and stability.

Quality Control

To protect both the purity of the vaccine and the safety of the workers who make and package the vaccine, conditions of laboratory cleanliness are observed throughout the procedure. All transfers of virus and media are conducted under sterile conditions, and all instruments used are sterilized in an autoclave (a machine that kills organisms by heat, and which may be as small as a jewel box or as large as an elevator) before and after use. Workers performing the procedures wear protective clothing which includes disposable tyvek gowns, gloves, booties, hair nets, and face masks. The manufacturing rooms themselves are specially air conditioned so that there is a minimal number of particles in the air.

The Approval Process


In order for immunisation vaccines to be distributed  a drug manufacturer must meet strict licensing requirements established by law.All prescription drugs must undergo THREE phases of testing, although data from the second phase can sometimes be used to meet third phase requirements.
Phase 1 testing must prove that a medicine is safe. If a medicine passes will go onto phase II.
Phase II testing, it must next be tested for efficacy—it must do what it is supposed to do; vaccines cannot be distributed unless it does exactly what it advertises.
Phase III testing is designed to quantify the effectiveness of the vaccine.Immunisation vaccines are expected to have effectiveness close to 100%.
The entire manufacturing process is reviewed carefully by the examination of  records involving procedures as well as government representatives visiting the manufacturing site itself.
Each step in the manufacturing process must be documented, and the manufacturer must demonstrate a "state of control" for the manufacturing process.
This means that  records must be kept for every step in the process, and there must be written instructions for each step of the process.


Vaccine Manufacturing Environment


Final Vaccine Produced


Finally Ready to Inject
                                   
                     

One:Immunisation FOR and AGAINST viewpoints

               


                                        Overview of Notes
There has long been an debate about immunisation and why it is needed. Differing points of views challenge each other:
                                     Medical Health Practises Versus Parental Concerns.
                                                    FOR
                                             Medical Science


                    History Behind Immunisation Vaccinations
                                       (Deaths in Decline)
The first idea for creating a substance to immunise humans against disease began  as far  back as the 1700's.   Historically,some type of recording or listing  for disease outbreaks and deaths were written .But only within the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries have detailed death rate records have been kept.
Pre WW11 studies and experimentation against diseases developed and the first real immunisation vaccines against diseases were produced  then given to soldiers heading out to war to protect them against a variety of diseases.

Some deadly  diseases which had resulted in high mortality rates at the time:

Measles
Diphtheria
Tuberculosis
Yellow fever
Polio
Pertussis
Tenuous.

Ever since data on immunisation vaccination coverage has been gathered since through the years with impressive statistical information for its success has been taken from analysed data/graphs showing disease outbreaks in decline thus boosting the belief of immunisation vaccinations effectiveness.
Medical science continues to develop and seek to create new and stronger vaccines against any resistant strains of current diseases.Medical science continues to be ready to study  unknown  but new deadly diseases threatening mankind by creating immunisation vaccines to protect human population worldwide.


                    A child being immunised against disease such as polio 


                                            File:Poliodrops.jpg


In industrialised nations  like Australia have statistical records from as far back as 1956 showing pre immunisation vaccinations and  rate of deaths for Diphtheria,Pertussis,Tuberculous,Polio and Measles and comparing declining death rates of these diseases with introduced annual immunisation  vaccinations up to 2003.

                                                   Australian  Death Rate in Decline

Man Made Immunity 
(Programed Immunisation Vaccinations)

Vaccines are a useful to improve and protect against infections through trials with industrialised nations use of annual vaccinations aged from new born's to toddlers following forward to teenagers then could includes adult inoculations.
Developing nations lag behind in annual immunisation vaccinations but now some African nations and other counties from Asian and Sub Asian continents including some South American regions, now seek to improve infant mortality rates.
The United Nations Children's Fund recently reported that 12 million children under the age of 5 die each year in the world.  Many of these deaths could be prevented by adequate vaccination programs for infectious diseases.
These countries are often lack financial support and with the help from world health organisations distributing vaccinations donated by large overseas pharmaceutical organizations, high to local government medical health research studies or international  medical experimental university studies.
New vaccine trials can then be introduced through these scientific institutions and corporations.
Through such trials testing new drugs and monitoring any side effects or deaths seek to improve vaccinations potency against any recurring diseases or new infectious viruses from spreading worldwide.
Medical science has a view only through vaccinations can humans develop stronger immunity towards infectious diseases that just relying on natural immunity alone.

                            Vaccine Programs in Developing Countries



                                              AGAINST
                               Parental Concerns
Over the years misunderstanding or unfounded allegations regarding the side effects of immunisation has spread. Ideas such as immunisation leads to the increase of Auto immune diseases such as Autism, Multiple Sclerosis and Sudden Death Syndrome or Epileptic type seizures .

Fear is highlighted with outbreaks of infectious disease such as new viruses Bird flu and Swine flu.



Some parents who have doubts about immunisation may feel they are under pressure from their GP or health visitor to have their child vaccinated.


Parents are fearful of side effects thinking the vaccines contain harmful contaminates lowering natural immunity.



                                 Natural Immunity
This is where parents follow a natural selection path against diseases children are often exposed to.
Very young babies have some natural immunity passed to them by their mother when in the womb, but this only lasts a short time.
Your child has natural immunity for 2 or 3 months for:
  •   Diphtheria
  •   Tetanus
  •   Whooping cough
  •   Polio
  •   The hib form of meningitis
Your child has natural immunity for about a year for:
  •   Measles
  •   Mumps
Other means of natural protection is  by exposing young children to other infected children to fall ill and naturally build up anti bodies against the exposed disease (such as measles,mumps etc) to gain natural built up of  immunity so if infections reoccur the symptoms are less serve and  the child can naturally fight the disease.

Some parents  believe in "herd protection"and heavily rely on other children begin fully vaccinated to prevent the spread of diseases to those who are not vaccinated. 



                                  Anti-Immunisation


Anti-immunisation lobbyists adopt homoeopathic (natural) immunisation as an alternative that all health care professionals are treated with suspicion and immunisation as a conspiracy by health care professionals.Other factors such as financial, religious or cultural belief's could contribute to a ongoing bias towards immunisation vaccinations.
Their is no proven scientific evidence that homoeopathic immunisation reduces death rates more effectively than programed immunisation vaccinations.




SOURCED
1: Australian Government immunisation health [Internet]. Available at <http://immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/1FC63A2886238E6CCA2575BD001C80DC/$File/myths-37-53.pdf> accessed 15 September 2011.

2: Brown Education/ University [Internet]. Available at <http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects2000/VaccineIssues/Diseases.htmlio_160/Projects2000/VaccineIssues/Diseases.html> accessed 25 September 2011.

3: Ada, G and Isaacs, D. (2000) Vaccination:  the facts the fears the future. Allen & Unwin,Australia.

4:Wikipedia online <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system> accessed 26 September 2011.